Identity- and Contact-Related Determinants of Reciprocal Intergroup Relations in Ethnoculturally Diverse Societies

This cross-sectional study investigates the reciprocity of ethnic relations in Finland and the role this reciprocity plays in the development of an inclusive integration context characterised by positive intergroup attitudes, the endorsement of multiculturalism and support for the minority groups’ collective action. Identity- and contact-related predictors of the inclusive integration context are examined among Finns and among Russian and Estonian immigrants. Overall, the findings provide strong evidence of the importance of the reciprocity of multidimensional intergroup relations in diverse societies. As shown, the inclusive integration context does not develop in a social vacuum but is formed by the reciprocal identity processes, intergroup encounters and perceptions of majority and minority group members. The results can be utilised in interventions fostering the inclusiveness of the national context and therefore supporting integration of immigrants into mainstream plural societies.